Ubuntu includes the convenient Software Center, which provides centralized software management and allows you to search for new software and install it with a mouse click. With an Ubuntu One account, you can purchase software with a credit card.

The Debian packages (that end in .deb ) that Software Center offers are actually archive files containing libraries, configuration files, and executable programs. If you install the Firefox package, for example, the package manager distributes the necessary files to the correct places in the filesystem for you. Often there are dependencies, which means that installing program A requires that you have program B also installed.

The package manager identifies the dependent packages automatically during installation and loads them onto your computer. Usually, you will notice the dependencies when you try to install a single Debian package over the Internet. The package you are looking for, such as a video codec, may be missing in the Software Center. In this case, you can find the package in external repositories created by the software's users or developers. The repositories contain the software as well as the packages on which they depend. (See the "What Are Repositories?" section.)

Package Manager in Action

Getting to repositories and installing software is often faster from the command line. The "Quick Sources" section goes into greater detail. First, I'll look at managing packages using Ubuntu's Software Center. To access the Software Center, press the Super key [1] and entering softw . The start page (Figure 1) features a few What's New and Top Rated applications. Clicking More on the far right gives you additional choices.

Figure 1: Software Center encourages you to browse.

If you click Turn On Recommendations at the bottom, Ubuntu suggests opening a user account at Ubuntu One. Then your computer regularly sends lists of software you've installed to Canonical and the company returns a list of recommended software that might interest you. These recommendations appear on the start page and can be deactivated with View | Turn Off Recommendations in the global menu. In the meantime, you can purchase programs using your Ubuntu One account.

Use the arrow icons in the upper left to return to the start window. Starting with the release of Ubuntu 12.10, Ubuntu developers have placed ads for free and commercial software from the Software Center across the broad surface of the screen under the heading Our Favorites . The left side of the Software Center screen organizes the applications by category. Clicking a category opens subcategories (Figure 2). All other controls are at the top of the package management window. The All Software menu lists all the software in all the available repositories. If you click the little white triangle next to the menu item (Figure 3), you'll find the entries Provided by Ubuntu (mostly free software), Canonical Partners (free and commercial software without source code, such as Skype and Flash), and For Purchase (commercial software, including many games).

Figure 2: Clicking a category on the left opens up other subcategories.

Figure 3: Clicking the little white arrow next to "All Software" shows you the repositories available.

Clicking Installed on the menu bar at the top displays only the installed applications, sorted by category. Click the little triangle to the right to view the packages from a single source. At the far right is the History menu item that tells you which software you downloaded. Check here if an upgrade suddenly isn't working. Downgrading, unfortunately, doesn't work in Software Center. To do that, you must install the Synaptic Package Manager and specify an earlier Version in the Properties .

If you already know the name of the software, search for it in the search field at the upper right. Results come from the repository that you use for All Applications . Next to the software names are the ratings in the form of stars. Once you select a package, the More Info and Install buttons appear. The first button leads to a detailed description of the program, often showing a screenshot (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Once you choose an installable package, you'll get further information on it: ratings, screenshots, descriptive text, and more.

Look under the Add-ons section to see software that could enhance the program. Here People also installed displays other programs to consider. You can also filter reviews by language. Finally, click the Install button to install the program. Once installed, you can click the Write your own review link to evaluate the software. This requires a Launchpad account [1].

The search won't find all programs. Software Center hides libraries, developer files, and even programs without graphical interfaces, such as the mplayer command interface. To install these programs, choose Show [some number] technical items at the bottom of the window (it is nearly invisible, being dark grey on black) or enter the full name of the software in the search field (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Additional libraries, developer files, and programs are listed as technical items.

The Software Center global menu includes other interesting options. In the File menu, you can choose Reinstall Previous Purchases or Sync Between Computers to move your package selections to other computers over the Ubuntu One cloud service. Also, you can use Edit | Software Sources to add other repositories. If you don't want to display new applications automatically in the Launcher, unmark the New Applications in Launcher checkbox in the View menu.

What Are Repositories?

Software Center gives you access to thousands of packages, but the one you want may be missing or only in an older version. This is where external repositories and the PPAs help. The Opera repository [3] is one of the external repositories and provides the Opera web browser that is missing from Ubuntu's standard repositories. The VirtualBox project [4] also provides the proprietary version of its own software, which supports the virtual USB 2.0 ports and Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), from its own repository.

Personal Package Archives (PPAs) are special versions of external repositories that you can only find on Ubuntu's Launchpad. When experienced Ubuntu users or developers create Debian packages out of their favorite software, they frequently offer them in their personal package archive on Launchpad. Using a search function [5], you can peruse the platform for new versions of current software with great success.

Complementing Package Sources

In Software Center, you can download from external repositories using Edit | Software Sources . To use the Opera project's external sources, for example, click Other Software and Add , and then enter deb http://deb.opera.com/opera/stable non-free . This address wasn't invented: Usually, the address is the website for the external repository. Click the Add Source button to accept the repository (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Obtain additional packages from external repositories.

External repositories often protect themselves from abuse with keys. Every package has a signature verified with a key, so that manipulated packages with mismatched signatures fall by the wayside. Often, you can't access a package offering without a key, but how do you find the key?

To import the key for the Opera repository, invoke a terminal through Ctrl+Alt+T and use the following command:

$ sudo apt-get update

The command updates the list of available software for Software Center and returns an error message. Then, enter the following:

$ sudo wget -O - http://deb.opera.com/ archive.key | \
  sudo apt-key add -

For other repositories more tied in with Ubuntu, you may have to query the Ubuntu keyserver:

$ sudo apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver \
  hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80 B9A06DE3

In this case, the command downloads the appropriate key (B9A06DE3) for the developer's Launchpad PPA for the Inkscape vector design software and integrates it with package management. If you can't get to the keyserver, it may be temporarily overloaded. Replace keyserver.ubuntu.com in the command with another keyserver, such as subkeys.pgp.net , pgp.mit.edu , or keys.gnupg.net . After the sudo apt-get update command, you should be able to install the software from the source. The new repository might not show up in Software Center right away.

Key Over Terminal

As seen above, most websites show a simple line that you can copy with Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V to the terminal. The line might appear as in the following VirtualBox example:

$ wget -q \
  http://download.virtualbox.org/ virtualbox/debian/oracle_vbox.asc \
  -O -| sudo apt-key add -

The command downloads the key from the website (using wget -q {HTTP-LINK} ), sends it to the console (with -O - ), and passes it to the sudo apt-key add command. Then, use sudo apt-get update to update the package list and load up the VirtualBox package.

Integrating PPAs

With about 6,000 active PPAs on Launchpad, it is easy to get brand new software versions with the latest functionalities. Among them are exotic programs and (unstable) developer versions of system components, such as the kernel or NetworkManager. Before compiling software from the sources, first use a PPA search [4] to see whether there might not be a PPA for it.

The fastest way to integrate PPAs into the package manager is through the command interface because it saves you the key search. Press Ctrl+Alt+T to open the terminal and enter what usually amounts to three command lines, something like the following:

$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:inkscape.dev/stable
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install inkscape

This happens to mount the PPA for the Inkscape vector drawing solution. For other software, simply replace the parts after ppa: and sudo apt-get install . Take the text for the part after ppa: from the website (Figure 7). It may take a while for the repository to appear in Software Center.

Figure 7: In this PPA, you'll find the current packages for Vivid Vervet to install the Inkscape design application.

Removing Software

To remove software, open Software Center again, search for the name of the software, and click Remove . The configuration data is thereby unaffected. The advantage is that you don't need to reconfigure the software if you decide you need it again later. If these remnants (such as you might find in the /etc or /var directories) were to disappear, use the command line to remove the package.

Quick Sources

The Software Center is a graphical interface for apt, the Advanced Packaging Tool, which manages the list of software in the repositories in the background. As already noted, you can also run apt over the command line; many experienced Ubuntu users prefer this method because the commands work with any Ubuntu derivative. Here are four important commands:

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-cache search (--names-only) inkscape
$ sudo apt-get install inkscape
$ sudo apt-get remove (--purge) inkscape

The first command brings the package list up to date, an important thing considering how quickly program versions change. The next line searches for a package whose name or description includes the term inkscape . Add the --names-only option (without the parentheses) to search for the package name only if too many hits are returned. The third line installs the package, and the fourth line removes it.

You can use the optional --purge option to purge the configuration files in the home directory along with the package down to the local configuration that you have to remove yourself. To remove all the packages installed through a PPA, either use Software Center and choose the PPA next to Installed , or stay on the command line, install the ppa-purge package, and use the following command (for the Inkscape example):

$ sudo ppa-purge ppa:inkscape/stable

Single Consignments

Finally, there are some websites that provide single Debian packages to download. To install the software, double-click the DEB package. Ubuntu then calls Software Center and recommends installing the package. Once you click OK , the package appears together with a screenshot and description in Software Center. Finally, download the package with Install .